Claude Louis Berthollet was born in Talloires, near Annecy, then part of the Duchy of Savoy, in 1749.
Berthollet, along with Antoine Lavoisier and others, devised a chemical nomenclature, or a system of names, which serves as the basis of the modern system of naming chemical compounds.
He also carried out research into dyes and bleaches, being first to introduce the use of chlorine gas as a commercial bleach in 1785. He first produced a modern bleaching liquid in 1789 in his laboratory on the quay Javel in Paris, France, by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate. The resulting liquid, known as "Eau de Javel" ("Javel water"), was a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite. Another strong chlorine oxidant and bleach which he investigated and was the first to produce, potassium chlorate (KClO3), is known as Berthollet's Salt.
Bertholett first determined the elemental composition of the gas ammonia, in 1785.
Berthollet was one of the first chemists to recognize the characteristics of a reverse reaction, and hence, chemical equilibrium.
Berthollet was engaged in a long-term battle with another French chemist Joseph Proust on the validity of the law of definite proportions. While Proust believed that chemical compounds are composed of a fixed ratio of their constituent elements irrespective of the methods of production, Berthollet believed that this ratio can change according to the ratio of the reactants initially taken. Although Proust proved his theory by accurate measurements, his theory was not immediately accepted partially due to Berthollet's authority. His law was finally accepted when Berzelius confirmed it in 1811. But it was found later that Berthollet was not completely wrong because there exists a class of compounds that do not obey the law of definite proportions. These non-stoichiometric compounds are also named berthollides in his honor.
Berthollet was one of several scientists who went with Napoleon to Egypt, and was a member of the physics and natural history section of the Institut d'Égypte.
In April, 1789 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1801, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1822.
He died in Arcueil, France in 1822.
Berthollet, along with Antoine Lavoisier and others, devised a chemical nomenclature, or a system of names, which serves as the basis of the modern system of naming chemical compounds.
He also carried out research into dyes and bleaches, being first to introduce the use of chlorine gas as a commercial bleach in 1785. He first produced a modern bleaching liquid in 1789 in his laboratory on the quay Javel in Paris, France, by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate. The resulting liquid, known as "Eau de Javel" ("Javel water"), was a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite. Another strong chlorine oxidant and bleach which he investigated and was the first to produce, potassium chlorate (KClO3), is known as Berthollet's Salt.
Bertholett first determined the elemental composition of the gas ammonia, in 1785.
Berthollet was one of the first chemists to recognize the characteristics of a reverse reaction, and hence, chemical equilibrium.
Berthollet was engaged in a long-term battle with another French chemist Joseph Proust on the validity of the law of definite proportions. While Proust believed that chemical compounds are composed of a fixed ratio of their constituent elements irrespective of the methods of production, Berthollet believed that this ratio can change according to the ratio of the reactants initially taken. Although Proust proved his theory by accurate measurements, his theory was not immediately accepted partially due to Berthollet's authority. His law was finally accepted when Berzelius confirmed it in 1811. But it was found later that Berthollet was not completely wrong because there exists a class of compounds that do not obey the law of definite proportions. These non-stoichiometric compounds are also named berthollides in his honor.
Berthollet was one of several scientists who went with Napoleon to Egypt, and was a member of the physics and natural history section of the Institut d'Égypte.
In April, 1789 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1801, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1822.
He died in Arcueil, France in 1822.
more details of the annunciation by Gabriel that she would give birth to a Prophet.
International Court of Justice at the Hague ruled that the United States was guilty of terrorism against Nicaragua, estimating that the Americans owed the Nicaraguans some $14 billion for damages.In 1985 the US Congress voted to cut aid to the Contras. However, by this stage the CIA could not let go and continued to fund the Contras though secret arms sales to Iran. The Sandinistas continued to defeat the Contras on the battleground but incurred a steady drain of resources and loss of human life for their struggle. By the late 1980s, with their superior source of funding, the Contra strategy was to fight a war of attrition.The strategy worked. In 1985 elections the Sandinistas' won 60% of the vote but the result reversed in 1990 elections, with some 60% of the votes going against them. In the face of the protracted war, Nicaraguans had lost their enthusiasm for revolutionary ideals and their stomach for continued violence. Washington's candidate, Violeta Chamorro, had won power for the Liberal party.Subsequent elections held in 1996 and 2001 saw the Liberals retain power. Nicaguan voters understandably had no desire to provoke the Americans with the wrong election result, despite the fact that Sandinista policies have undergone major changes. No longer do the Sandinistas denounce the US as the "enemy of humankind", rather they have gone out of their way to convince Washington that a future Sandinista government would play by their rules, promising prompt debt repayment, strict adherence to structural adjustment programs, a commitment to free enterprise and the desire for swift integration into the Free Trade Area of the Americas scheme. Huge US flags even decorated the Sandinistas closing 2001 campaign rally. Reminiscent of a repentant Winston Smith feeling love for Big Brother at the end George Orwell's novel 1984, the back of the Nicaraguan revolutionary struggle has been broken, with the Sandinistas proclaiming their love for their big neighbour to the north. 
back) that I know had always known I'd saved his life, which I did twice. Once when I first rescued him from being thrown out in the street in a busy city, and when my ex tried to kill him, which I broke up with him and kicked him out of my place afterward. He always showed he was grateful to me by showing me constant affection. The two I have now have a funny way of meowing as their thank you to me for taking care of them. When I feed them, water them or whatnot, they look at me and meow in a different way then normal, as if to say "thank you".
